Yakubu Gowon Urges West African Leaders to Recommit to Democracy Amid Political Instability and Military Coups
Former Nigerian Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon (rtd), has called on West African leaders to renew their commitment to democratic governance, unity, and cooperation, warning that the region faces serious challenges threatening decades of progress. Gowon gave this passionate charge during the 50th Anniversary Celebration of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which held on Wednesday in Lagos, Nigeria.
Gowon, who played a pivotal role in the founding of ECOWAS in 1975, used the platform to reflect on the region’s journey over the past five decades—highlighting both achievements and the recurring setbacks that continue to test the unity and stability of West Africa.
ECOWAS at 50: A Time for Reflection, Not Just Celebration
While the 50th anniversary of ECOWAS was a moment of celebration, Gowon was quick to remind attendees that it must also serve as a moment of sober reflection. He emphasized that despite the regional bloc’s endurance and successes, it is facing growing threats from political instability, military takeovers, terrorism, economic hardship, and high youth unemployment rates.
“Let us not forget the many challenges we have faced over the past 50 years—political crisis, coup d’etat, civil wars, economic shocks, pandemics, terrorism, and the shifting pressures of globalisation. Yet through it all, ECOWAS has endured,” he said.
Gowon acknowledged the resilience of ECOWAS through decades of turbulent times. He praised the regional body for its ability to adapt, reform, and remain committed to the founding principles of unity, peace, and economic integration.
“It has adapted to changing circumstances, undertaken critical reform, and consistently renewed its commitment to the founding ideals that bind us together,” Gowon added.
Military Coups and Personal Ambition: A Threat to Democracy in West Africa
Gowon, who ruled Nigeria from 1966 to 1975 during a period that included a military coup and a civil war, expressed deep concern over the resurgence of military coups in West African countries. According to him, these coups are being driven by the personal ambitions of a few individuals who are ignoring the democratic will of their people.
“We thought that was over, but it seems as though personal ambition drives some people to do the wrong thing,” he said. “Let me say this—belief in democracy is what I am now advising all members of ECOWAS and other countries.”
In the last few years, West Africa has witnessed a troubling return of military regimes, with countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger experiencing coups that have drawn international criticism and strained diplomatic relations within the region. Gowon believes these undemocratic actions are serious setbacks and should not be allowed to reverse the progress made in governance, human rights, and regional cooperation.
“We must not let these setbacks define us. Rather, let them awaken us to the urgent need to recommit to the core principles of good governance, economic cooperation, solidarity, and inclusivity,” Gowon urged.
Youth Unemployment and Insecurity: Twin Challenges for West Africa
Gowon also pointed out that high youth unemployment and widespread insecurity are among the biggest threats facing the region today. With a growing youth population and limited economic opportunities, many young people in West African countries are being pushed into poverty, crime, irregular migration, and in some cases, recruitment by terrorist or rebel groups.
“Our region still grapples with daunting challenges. Youth unemployment. We grapple with all these problems and challenges, and especially insecurity and political instability,” he noted.
His remarks underscore the need for comprehensive policies that prioritize youth empowerment, job creation, education, and social investment across ECOWAS member states. Addressing these core issues, according to Gowon, is critical if the region hopes to achieve sustainable peace and development.
Withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from ECOWAS
One of the biggest recent blows to ECOWAS has been the formal withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from the regional bloc. These three countries, all currently led by military juntas, announced their joint exit in January 2024, citing dissatisfaction with the sanctions imposed on them by ECOWAS in response to their military takeovers.
Background of the Withdrawals:
-
Mali had previously withdrawn temporarily in 2021 after experiencing two successive coups, but later returned under transitional leadership.
-
Burkina Faso was suspended in January 2022 after its government was overthrown and replaced by a military-led regime.
-
Niger faced suspension following a July 2023 coup led by General Abdourahamane Tchiani, which ousted the democratically elected President Mohamed Bazoum.
By January 2025, all three countries had completed the formal processes of leaving ECOWAS. The departure of these nations—geographically central to the region—raises serious questions about the future of West African integration and collective security.
Gowon’s Hope for Reconciliation and Unity
Despite the current tensions, Yakubu Gowon remains optimistic that the breakaway countries will one day return to the ECOWAS family. He stressed that shared history, cultural ties, and regional identity are deeper than temporary political disagreements.
“As the bonds of history, culture, and shared destiny remain unbroken, I am confident that with goodwill and sincere engagement, they will find reasons to return to ECOWAS,” he said.
This hopeful sentiment mirrors the original vision behind ECOWAS—to build a strong, united West Africa that can tackle challenges collectively, rather than in isolation.
Conclusion: ECOWAS Must Rise to the Moment
As ECOWAS marks 50 years of existence, it finds itself at a critical crossroads. The original dreams of economic integration, peace, and democratic governance are under threat from within—driven by coups, insecurity, and the erosion of democratic norms.
However, the words of Yakubu Gowon serve as both a warning and a call to action. Leaders must recognize that the future of the region lies in deepening democracy, investing in youth, and staying united in the face of adversity.
